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HANDBOOK OF UNIVERSAL LITERATURE
HANDBOOK OF UNIVERSAL LITERATURE ANNE C. LYNCH BOTTA PREFATORY NOTE TO THE REVISED EDITION.
Since the first publication of this work in 1860 many new names have
appeared in modern literature. Japan hitherto almost unknown to
Europeans has taken her place among the nations with a literature of her
own and the researches and discoveries of scholars in various parts of
the world have thrown much light on the literatures of antiquity. To keep
pace with this advance a new edition of the work has been called for.
Prefixed is a very brief summary of an important and exhaustive History of
the Alphabet recently published.
PREFACE.
This work was begun many years ago as a literary exercise to meet the
personal requirements of the writer which were such as most persons
experience on leaving school and "completing their education" as the
phrase is. The world of literature lies before them but where to begin
what course of study to pursue in order best to comprehend it are the
problems which present themselves to the bewildered questioner who finds
himself in a position not unlike that of a traveler suddenly set down in
an unknown country without guide-book or map. The most natural course
under such circumstances would be to begin at the beginning and take a
rapid survey of the entire field of literature arriving at its details
through this general view. But as this could be accomplished only by
subjecting each individual to a severe and protracted course of systematic
study the idea was conceived of obviating this necessity to some extent
by embodying the results of such a course in the form of the following
work which after being long laid aside is now at length completed.
In conformity with this design standard books have been condensed with
no alterations except such as were required to give unity to the whole
work; and in some instances a few additions have been made. Where standard
works have not been found the sketches have been made from the best
sources of information and submitted to the criticism of able scholars.
The literatures of different nations are so related and have so
influenced each other that it is only by a survey of all that any single
literature or even any great literary work can be fully comprehended as
the various groups and figures of a historical picture must be viewed as a
whole before they can assume their true place and proportions.
A.C.L.B.
CONTENTS.
LIST OF AUTHORITIES
INTRODUCTION.
THE ALPHABET.
1. The Origin of Letters.--2. The Phoenician Alphabet and Inscriptions.--
3. The Greek Alphabet. Its Three Epochs.--4. The Mediaeval Scripts. The
Irish. The Anglo-Saxon. The Roman. The Gothic. The Runic.
CLASSIFICATION OF LANGUAGES
CHINESE LITERATURE.
1. Chinese Literature.--2. The Language.--3. The Writing.--4. The Five
Classics and Four Books.--5. Chinese Religion and Philosophy. Lao-tse.
Confucius. Meng-tse or Mencius.--6. Buddhism.--7. Social Constitution of
China.--8. Invention of Printing.--9. Science History and Geography.
Encyclopaedias.--10. Poetry.--11. Dramatic Literature and Fiction.--12.
Education in China.
JAPANESE LITERATURE.
1. The Language.--2. The Religion.--3. The Literature. Influence of
Women.--4. History.--5. The Drama and Poetry.--6. Geography. Newspapers.
Novels. Medical Science.--7. Position of Woman.
SANSKRIT LITERATURE.
1. The Language.--2. The Social Constitution of India. Brahmanism.--3.
Characteristics of the Literature and its Divisions.--4. The Vedas and
other Sacred Books.--5. Sanskrit Poetry; Epic; the Ramayana and
Mahabharata. Lyric Poetry. Didactic Poetry; the Hitopadesa. Dramatic
Poetry.--6. History and Science.--7. Philosophy.--8. Buddhism.--9. Moral
Philosophy. The Code of Manu.--10. Modern Literatures of India.--11.
Education. The Brahmo Somaj.
BABYLONIAN AND ASSYRIAN LITERATURE.
1. The Accadians and Babylonians.--2. The Cuneiform Letters.--3.
Babylonian and Assyrian Remains.
PHOENICIAN LITERATURE.
The Language.--The Remains.
SYRIAC LITERATURE.
The Language.--Influence of the Literature in the Eighth and Ninth
Century.
PERSIAN LITERATURE.
1. The Persian Language and its Divisions.--2. Zendic Literature; the
Zendavesta.--3. Pehlvi and Parsee Literatures.--4. The Ancient Religion of
Persia; Zoroaster.--5. Modern Literature.--6. The Sufis.--7. Persian
Poetry.--8. Persian Poets; Ferdusi; Eesedi of Tus; Togray etc.--9.
History and Philosophy.--10. Education in Persia.
HEBREW LITERATURE.
1. Hebrew Literature; its Divisions.--2. The Language; its Alphabet; its
Structure; Peculiarities Formation and Phases.--3. The Old Testament.--
4. Hebrew Education.--5. Fundamental Idea of Hebrew Literature.--6. Hebrew
Poetry.--7. Lyric Poetry; Songs; the Psalms; the Prophets.--8. Pastoral
Poetry and Didactic Poetry; the Proverbs and Ecclesiastes.--9. Epic and
Dramatic Poetry; the Book of Job.--10. Hebrew History; the Pentateuch and
other Historical Books.--11. Hebrew Philosophy.--12. Restoration of the
Sacred Books.--13. Manuscripts and Translations.--14. Rabbinical
Literature.--15. The New Revision of the Bible and the New Biblical
Manuscript.
EGYPTIAN LITERATURE.
1. The Language.--2. The Writing.--3. The Literature.--4. The Monuments.--
5. The Discovery of Champollion.--6. Literary Remains; Historical;
Religious; Epistolary; Fictitious; Scientific; Epic; Satirical and
Judicial.--7. The Alexandrian Period.--8. The Literary Condition of Modern
Egypt.
GREEK LITERATURE.
INTRODUCTION.--1. Greek Literature and its Divisions.--2. The Language.--
3. The Religion.
PERIOD FIRST.--1. Ante-Homeric Songs and Bards.--2. Poems of Homer; the
Iliad; the Odyssey.--3. The Cyclic Poets and the Homeric Hymns.--4. Poems
of Hesiod; the Works and Days; the Theogony.--5. Elegy and Epigram;
Tyrtaeus; Achilochus; Simanides.--6. Iambic Poetry the Fable and Parody;
Aesop.--7. Greek Music and Lyric Poetry; Terpander.--8. Aeolic Lyric
Poets; Alcaeus; Sappho; Anacreon.--9. Doric or Choral Lyric Poets;
Alcman; Stesichorus; Pindar.--10. The Orphic Doctrines and Poems.--11.
Pre-Socratic Philosophy; Ionian Eleatic Pythagorean Schools.--12.
History; Herodotus.
PERIOD SECOND.--1. Literary Predominance of Athens.--2. Greek Drama.--3.
Tragedy.--4. The Tragic Poets; Aeschylus; Sophocles; Euripides.--5.
Comedy; Aristophanes; Menander.--6. Oratory Rhetoric and History;
Pericles; the Sophists; Lysias; Isocrates; Demosthenes; Thucydides;
Xenophon.--7. Socrates and the Socratic Schools; Plato; Aristotle.
PERIOD THIRD.--1. Origin of the Alexandrian Literature.--2. The
Alexandrian Poets; Philetas; Callimachus; Theocritus; Bion; Moschus.--3.
The Prose Writers of Alexandria; Zenodotus; Aristophanes; Aristarchus;
Eratosthenes; Euclid; Archimedes.--4 Philosophy of Alexandria; Neo-
Platonism.--5. Anti-Neo-Platonic Tendencies; Epictetus; Lucian; Longinus.
--6. Greek Literature in Rome; Dionysius of Halicarnassus; Flavius
Josephus; Polybius; Diodorus; Strabo; Plutarch.--7. Continued Decline of
Greek Literature.--8. Last Echoes of the Old Literature; Hypatia; Nonnus;
Musaeus; Byzantine Literature.--9. The New Testament and the Greek
Fathers. Modern Literature; the Brothers Santsos and Alexander Rangabe.
ROMAN LITERATURE.
INTRODUCTION.--1. Roman Literature and its Divisions.--2. The Language;
Ethnographical Elements of the Latin Language; the Umbrian; Oscan;
Etruscan; the Old Roman Tongue; Saturnian Verse; Peculiarities of the
Latin Language.--3. The Roman Religion.
PERIOD FIRST.--1. Early Literature of the Romans; the Fescennine Songs;
the Fabulae Atellanae.--2. Early Latin Poets; Livius Andronicus Naevius
and Ennius.--3. Roman Comedy.--4. Comic Poets; Plautus Terence and
Statius.--5. Roman Tragedy.--6. Tragic Poets; Pacuvius and Attius.--7.
Satire; Lucilius.--8. History and Oratory; Fabius Pictor; Cencius
Alimentus; Cato; Varro; M. Antonius; Crassus; Hortensius.--9. Roman
Jurisprudence.--10. Grammarians.
PERIOD SECOND.--1. Development of the Roman Literature.--2. Mimes
Mimographers Pantomime; Laberius and P. Lyrus.--3. Epic Poetry; Virgil;
the Aeneid.--4. Didactic Poetry; the Bucolics; the Georgics; Lucretius.
--5. Lyric Poetry; Catullus; Horace.--6. Elegy; Tibullus; Propertius;
Ovid.--7. Oratory and Philosophy; Cicero.--8. History; J. Caesar; Sallust;
Livy.--9. Other Prose Writers.
PERIOD THIRD.--1. Decline of Roman Literature.--2. Fable; Phaedrus.--3.
Satire and Epigram; Persius Juvenal Martial.--4. Dramatic Literature;
the Tragedies of Seneca.--5. Epic Poetry; Lucan; Silius Italicus; Valerius
Flaccus; P. Statius.--6. History; Paterculus; Tacitus; Suetonius; Q.
Curtius; Valerius Maximus.--7. Rhetoric and Eloquence; Quintilian; Pliny
the Younger.--8. Philosophy and Science; Seneca; Pliny the Elder; Celsus;
P. Mela; Columella; Frontinus.--9. Roman Literature from Hadrian to
Theodoric; Claudian; Eutropius; A. Marcellinus; S. Sulpicius; Gellius;
Macrobius; L. Apuleius; Boethius: the Latin Fathers.--10. Roman
Jurisprudence.
ARABIAN LITERATURE.
1. European Literature in the Dark Ages.--2. The Arabian Language.--3.
Arabian Mythology and the Koran.--4. Historical Development of Arabian
Literature.--5. Grammar and Rhetoric.--6. Poetry.--7. The Arabian Tales.
--8. History and Science.--9. Education.
ITALIAN LITERATURE.
INTRODUCTION.--1. Italian Literature and its Divisions.--2. The Dialects.
--3. The Italian Language.
PERIOD FIRST.--1. Latin Influence.--2. Early Italian Poetry and Prose.
--3. Dante--4. Petrarch.--5. Boccaccio and other Prose Writers.--6. First
Decline of Italian Literature.
PERIOD SECOND.--1. The Close of the Fifteenth Century; Lorenzo de'
Medici.--2. The Origin of the Drama and Romantic Epic; Poliziano Pulci
Boiardo.--3. Romantic Epic Poetry; Ariosto.--4. Heroic Epic Poetry;
Tasso.--5. Lyric Poetry; Bembo Molza Tarsia V. Colonna.--6. Dramatic
Poetry; Trissino Rucellai; the Writers of Comedy.--7. Pastoral Drama and
Didactic Poetry; Beccari Sannazzaro Tasso Guarini Rucellai Alamanni.
--8. Satirical Poetry Novels and Tales; Berni Grazzini Firenzuola
Bandello and others.--9. History; Machiavelli Guicciardini Nardi and
others.--10. Grammar and Rhetoric; the Academy della Crusca Della Casa
Speroni and others.--11. Science Philosophy and Politics; the Academy
del Cimento Galileo Torricelli Borelli Patrizi Telesio Campanella
Bruno Castiglione Machiavelli and others.--12. Decline of the
Literature in the Seventeenth Century.--13. Epic and Lyric Poetry; Marini
Filicaja.--14. Mock Heroic Poetry the Drama and Satire; Tassoni
Bracciolini Anderini and others.--15. History and Epistolary Writings;
Davila Bentivoglio Sarpi Redi.
PERIOD THIRD.--1. Historical Development of the Third Period.--2. The
Melodrama; Rinuccini Zeno Metastasio.--3. Comedy; Goldoni C. Gozzi and
others.--4. Tragedy; Maffei Alfieri Monti Manzoni Nicolini and
others.--5. Lyric Epic and Didactic Poetry; Parini Monti Ugo Foscolo
Leopardi Grossi Lorenzi and others.--6. Heroic-Comic Poetry Satire
and Fable; Fortiguerri Passeroni G. Gozzi Parini Ginsti and others.
--7. Romances; Verri Manzoni D'Azeglio Cantu Guerrazzi and others.
--8. History; Muratori Vico Giannone Botta Colletta Tiraboschi and
others.--9. Aesthetics Criticism Philology and Philosophy; Baretti
Parini Giordani Gioja Romagnosi Gallupi Roemini Gioberti.--From 1860
to 1885.
FRENCH LITERATURE.
INTRODUCTION.--1. French Literature and its Divisions.--2. The Language
PERIOD FIRST.--1. The Troubadours.--2. The Trouveres.--3. French
Literature in the Fifteenth Century.--4. The Mysteries and Moralities:
Charles of Orleans Villon Ville-Hardouin Joinville Froissart Philippe
de Commines.
PERIOD SECOND.--1. The Renaissance and the Reformation: Marguerite de
Valois Marot Rabelais Calvin Montaigne Charron and others.--2. Light
Literature: Ronsard Jodelle Hardy Malherbe Scarron Madame de
Rambouillet and others.--3. The French Academy.--4. The Drama:
Corneille.--5. Philosophy: Descartes Pascal; Port Royal.--6. The Rise of
the Golden Age of French Literature: Louis XIV.--7. Tragedy: Racine.--8.
Comedy: Moliere.--9. Fables Satires Mock-Heroic and other Poetry: La
Fontaine Boileau.--10. Eloquence of the Pulpit and of the Bar:
Bourdaloue Bossuet Massillon Flechier Le Maitre D'Aguesseau and
others.--11. Moral Philosophy: Rochefoucault La Bruyere Nicole.--12.
History and Memoirs: Mezeray Fleury Rollia Brantome the Duke of Sully
Cardinal de Retz.--13. Romance and Letter Writing: Fenelon Madame de
Sevigne.--257
PERIOD THIRD.--1. The Dawn of Skepticism: Bayle J. B. Rousseau
Fontenelle Lamotte.--2. Progress of Skepticism: Montesquieu Voltaire.
--3. French Literature during the Revolution: D'Holbach D'Alembert
Diderot J. J. Rousseau Buffon Beaumarchais St. Pierre and others.
--4. French Literature under the Empire: Madame de Stael Chateaubriand
Royer-Collard Ronald De Maistre.--5. French Literature from the Age of
the Restoration to the Present Time. History: Thierry Sismondi Thiers
Mignet Martin Michelet and others. Poetry and the Drama; Rise of the
Romantic School: Beranger Lamartine Victor Hugo and others; Les
Parnassiens. Fiction: Hugo Gautier Dumas Merimee Balzac Sand
Sandeau and others. Criticism: Sainte-Beuve Taine and others.
Miscellaneous.
SPANISH LITERATURE.
INTRODUCTION.--1. Spanish Literature and its Divisions.--2. The Language.
PERIOD FIRST.--1. Early National Literature; the Poem of the Cid; Berceo
Alfonso the Wise Segura; Don Juan Manuel the Archpriest of Hita Santob
Ayala.--2. Old Ballads.--3. The Chronicles.-4. Romances of Chivalry.--5.
The Drama.--6. Provencal Literature in Spain.--7. The Influence of Italian
Literature in Spain.--8. The Cancioneros and Prose Writing.--9. The
Inquisition.
PERIOD SECOND.--1. The Effect of Intolerance on Letters.--2. Influence of
Italy on Spanish Literature; Boscan Garcilasso de la Vega Diego de
Mendoza.--3. History; Cortez Gomara Oviedo Las Casas.--4. The Drama
Rueda Lope de Vega Calderon de la Barca.--5. Romances and Tales;
Cervantes and other Writers of Fiction.--6. Historical Narrative Poems;
Ercilla.--7. Lyric Poetry; the Argensolas; Luis de Leon Quevedo Herrera
Gongora and others.--8. Satirical and other Poetry.--9. History and other
Prose Writing; Zurita Mariana Sandoval and others.
PERIOD THIRD.--1. French Influence on the Literature of Spain.--2. The
Dawn of Spanish Literature in the Eighteenth Century; Feyjoo Isla
Moratin the elder Yriarte Melendez Gonzalez Quintana Moratin the
younger.--3. Spanish Literature in the Nineteenth Century.
PORTUGUESE LITERATURE.
1. The Portuguese Language.--2. Early Literature of Portugal.--3. Poets of
the Fifteenth Century; Macias Ribeyro.--4. Introduction of the Italian
Style; Saa de Miranda Montemayor Ferreira.--5. Epic Poetry; Camoens; the
Lusiad.--6. Dramatic Poetry; Gil Vicente.--7. Prose Writing; Rodriguez
Lobo Barros Brito Veira.--8. Portuguese Literature in the Seventeenth
Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries; Antonio Jose Manuel do Nascimento
Manuel de Bocage.
FINNISH LITERATURE.
1. The Finnish Language and Literature: Poetry; the Kalevala; Loennrot;
Korhonen.--2. The Hungarian Language and Literature: the Age of Stephen
I.; Influence of the House of Anjou; of the Reformation; of the House of
Austria; Kossuth; Josika; Eoetvoes; Kuthy; Szigligeti; Petoefi.
SLAVIC LITERATURES.
The Slavic Race and Languages; the Eastern and Western Stems; the
Alphabets; the Old or Church Slavic Language; St. Cyril's Bible; the
Pravda Russkaya; the Annals of Nestor.
RUSSIAN LITERATURE.
1. The Language.--2. Literature in the Reign of Peter the Great; of
Alexander; of Nicholas; Danilof Lomonosof Kheraskof Derzhavin
Karamzin.--3. History Poetry the Drama: Kostrof Dmitrief Zhukoffski
Krylof Pushkin Lermontoff Gogol.--4. Literature in Russia since the
Crimean War: School of Nature; Turguenieff; Ultra-realistic School:
Science; Mendeleeff.
THE SERVIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE
THE BOHEMIAN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.
John Huss Jerome of Prague Tycho Brahe Kepler Comenius and others.
THE POLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.
Rey Bielski Copernicus Czartoryski Niemcewicz Mickiewicz and others.
ROMANIAN LITERATURE.
Carmen Sylva.
DUTCH LITERATURE.
1. The Language.--2. Dutch Literature to the Sixteenth Century: Maerlant;
Melis Stoke; De Weert; the Chambers of Rhetoric; the Flemish Chroniclers;
the Rise of the Dutch Republic.--3. The Latin Writers: Erasmus; Grotius;
Arminius; Lipsius; the Scaligers and others; Salmasius; Spinoza;
Boerhaave; Johannes Secundus.--4. Dutch Writers of the Sixteenth Century:
Anna Byns; Coornhert; Marnix de St. Aldegonde; Bor Visscher and
Spieghel.--5. Writers of the Seventeenth Century: Hooft; Vondel; Cats;
Antonides; Brandt and others; Decline in Dutch Literature.--6. The
Eighteenth Century: Poot; Langendijk; Hoogvliet; De Marre; Feitama;
Huydecoper; the Van Harens; Smits; Ten Kate; Van Winter; Van Merken; De
Lannoy; Van Alphen; Bellamy; Nieuwland Styl and others.--7. The
Nineteenth Century: Feith; Helmers; Bilderdyk; Van der Palm; Loosjes;
Loots Tollens Van Kampen De s'Gravenweert Hoevill and others.
SCANDINAVIAN LITERATURE.
1. Introduction. The Ancient Scandinavians; their Influence on the English
Race.--2. The Mythology.--3. The Scandinavian Languages.--4. Icelandic or
Old Norse Literature: the Poetic Edda the Prose Edda the Scalds the
Sagas the "Heimskringla." The Folks-Sagas and Ballads of the Middle
Ages.--5. Danish Literature: Saxo Grammaticus and Theodoric; Arreboe
Kingo Tycho Brahe Holberg Evald Baggesen Oehlenschlaeger Grundtvig
Blicher Ingemann Heiberg Gyllenbourg Winther Hertz Mueller Hans
Andersen Plong Goldschmidt Hastrup and others; Malte Brun Rask Rafn
Magnusen the brothers Oersted.--6. Swedish Literature: Messenius
Stjernhjelm Lucidor and others. The Gallic period: Dalin Nordenflycht
Crutz and Gyllenborg Gustavus III. Kellgren Leopold Oxenstjerna. The
New Era: Bellman Hallman Kexel Wallenberg Lidner Thorild Lengren
Franzen Wallin. The Phosphorists: Atterbom Hammarskoeld and Palmblad.
The Gothic School: Geijer Tegner Stagnelius Almquist Vitalis
Runeberg and others. The Romance Writers: Cederborg Bremer Carlen
Knorring. Science: Swedenborg Linnaeus and others.
GERMAN LITERATURE.
INTRODUCTION.--1. German Literature and its Divisions.--2. The Mythology.
--3. The Language.
PERIOD FIRST--1. Early Literature; Translation of the Bible by Ulphilas;
the Hildebrand Lied.--2. The Age of Charlemagne; his Successors; the
Ludwig's Lied; Roswitha; the Lombard Cycle.--3. The Suabian Age; the
Crusades; the Minnesingers; the Romances of Chivalry; the Heldenbuch; the
Nibelungen Lied.--4. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries; the
Mastersingers; Satires and Fables; Mysteries and Dramatic Representations;
the Mystics; the Universities; the Invention of Printing.
PERIOD SECOND.--From 1517 to 1700.--1. The Lutheran Period: Luther
Melanchthon.--2. Manuel Zwingle Fischart Franck Arnd Boehm.--3.
Poetry Satire and Demonology; Paracelsus and Agrippa; the Thirty Years'
War.--4. The Seventeenth Century: Opitz Leibnitz Puffendorf Kepler
Wolf Thomasius Gerhard; Silesian Schools; Hoffmannswaldau Lohenstein.
PERIOD THIRD.--1. The Swiss and Saxon Schools; Gottsched Bodmer Rabener
Gellert Kaestner and others.--2. Klopstock Lessing Wieland and Herder.
--3. Goethe and Schiller.--4. The Goettingen School: Voss Stolberg
Claudius Buerger and others.--5. The Romantic School: the Schlegels
Novalis; Tieck Koerner Arndt Uhland Heine and others.--6. The Drama:
Goethe and Schiller; the _Power Men_; Muellner Werner Howald and
Grillparzer.--7. Philosophy: Kant Fichte Schelling Hegel Schopenhauer
and Hartmann. Science: Liebig Du Bois-Raymond Virchow Helmholst
Haeckel.--8. Miscellaneous Writings.
ENGLISH LITERATURE.
INTRODUCTION.--1. _English Literature_. Its Divisions.--2. _The Language_.
PERIOD FIRST.--1. _Celtic Literature_ Irish Scotch and Cymric Celts;
the Chronicles of Ireland; Ossian's Poems; Traditions of Arthur; the
Triads; Tales.--2. _Latin Literature_ Bede; Alcuin; Erigena.--3. _Anglo-
Saxon Literature_. Poetry; Prose; Versions of Scripture; the Saxon
Chronicle; Alfred.
PERIOD SECOND.--The Norman Age and the Fourteenth and Fifteenth
Centuries.--1. _Literature in the Latin Tongue_.--2. _Literature in
Norman-French_. Poetry; Romances of Chivalry.--3. _Saxon-English_.
Metrical Remains.--4. _Literature in the fourteenth Century_.--Prose
Writers: Occam Duns Scotus Wickliffe Mandeville Chaucer. Poetry;
Langland Gower Chaucer.--5. _Literature in the Fifteenth Century_.
Ballads.--6. _Poets of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries in
Scotland_. Wyntoun Harbour and others.
PERIOD THIRD.--1. _Age of the Reformation_ (1509-1558). Classical
Theological and Miscellaneous Literature: Sir Thomas More and others.
Poetry: Skelton Surrey and Sackville; the Drama.--2. _The Age of
Spenser Shakespeare Bacon and Milton_ (1558-1660). Scholastic and
Ecclesiastical Literature. Translations of the Bible: Hooker Andrews
Donne. Hall Taylor Baxter; other Prose Writers: Fuller Cudworth Bacon
Hobbes Raleigh Milton Sidney Selden Burton Browne and Cowley.
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